Mecatrónica inteligente: integración de inteligencia artificial, robótica avanzada y sistemas ciberfísicos para la transición de la Industria 4.0 a la Industria 5.0.

Resumen

The evolution of industrial systems toward intelligent, interconnected, sustainable, and human-centered production models has accelerated the integration of emerging technologies into mechatronics engineering. The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), advanced robotics, cyber-physical systems (CPS), the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), digital twins, and intelligent automation constitutes a fundamental element in the transformation from Industry 4.0 toward the principles of Industry 5.0. While Industry 4.0 is characterized by the digitalization, interconnectivity, and automation of production processes, Industry 5.0 expands this perspective by incorporating sustainability, resilience, and collaboration between humans and intelligent technologies.

The objective of this research is to analyze the integration of artificial intelligence, advanced robotics, and cyber-physical systems into intelligent mechatronic architectures, identifying their applications, potential benefits, technological challenges, and contributions to the evolution of industrial systems. A descriptive, exploratory, and comparative methodology is adopted, supported by a conceptual review of enabling technologies and the design of a reference architecture integrating intelligent sensors, actuators, industrial controllers, machine learning models, communication platforms, and supervisory systems.

The results of the analysis identify the main components of intelligent mechatronic infrastructure, establish technological integration criteria, and propose indicators for evaluating interoperability, efficiency, flexibility, safety, sustainability, and human-machine collaboration. Furthermore, a functional architecture is presented that connects industrial data acquisition with intelligent analysis, supervised decision-making, and automated process execution.

The study concludes that mechatronics engineering plays a strategic role in the transition toward Industry 5.0 by providing an interdisciplinary foundation for integrating physical, computational, and human systems. However, the implementation of these technologies requires consideration of cybersecurity, functional safety, data governance, professional training, economic feasibility, and experimental validation.